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The 11th Congress of Polish Economists: Economics and the Economy in Times of Uncertainty

The 11th Congress of Polish Economists: Economics and the Economy in Times of Uncertainty

by admin | Dec 15, 2025 | News

The 11th Congress of Polish Economists was an event of exceptional importance for Polish economic thought, public debate, and the future of the country’s economy. This year’s edition took place under the theme “Economics and the Economy in Times of Uncertainty,” aptly...
Reflections after the 6th National Congress of Christian Pedagogy

Reflections after the 6th National Congress of Christian Pedagogy

by admin | Dec 9, 2025 | News

Stress and Crisis Among Young People: How to Talk—and the Impact of Digital Technology on Early Childhood Development At first glance, talking with a teenager in crisis and examining how early exposure to media affects child development may seem like distant topics....
Reflections After the 6th National Congress of Christian Pedagogy: On Fake News and Attention Algorithms

Reflections After the 6th National Congress of Christian Pedagogy: On Fake News and Attention Algorithms

by admin | Dec 3, 2025 | News

During this year’s Congress, we had the opportunity to speak with Agnieszka Marianowicz-Szczygieł, a psychologist and journalist, and President of the She and He Foundation. On the first day of the Congress, she led workshops focused on recognizing and countering fake...
6th National Congress of Christian Pedagogy, Toruń, November 21–22, 2025: “How to Break the Digital Leash?”

6th National Congress of Christian Pedagogy, Toruń, November 21–22, 2025: “How to Break the Digital Leash?”

by admin | Dec 2, 2025 | News

This event marked another edition of discussions bringing together Christian teachers, educators, pedagogues, psychologists, students, and parents. The Congress was hosted at the Jagiellonian Academy, with the Nicolaus Copernicus Academy serving as the main partner....
Bringing Astronomy Closer to Us: The Need to Popularize Science, Highlighted at the Closing Session of the 42nd PTA Congress

Bringing Astronomy Closer to Us: The Need to Popularize Science, Highlighted at the Closing Session of the 42nd PTA Congress

by admin | Nov 20, 2025 | News

The topic of science popularization remains a constant in public debate and retains its relevance regardless of changing circumstances. It resurfaced during the September 42nd Congress of the Polish Astronomical Society (PTA), in a session dedicated to promoting...
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Cudzysłów
Kopernikańskie twierdzenia cosinusów dla trójkątów sferycznych

Rozdział XIV

Twierdzenia III i XII

Cudzysłów
Rozważamy trzy punkty A, B, i C na sferze o promieniu R. Jeżeli połączymy je łukami (wzdłuż kół wielkich) to otrzymamy trójkąt sferyczny ABC.
Rozważamy trójkąty, które są prostokątne i mają boki krótsze niż półokrąg, jak na rysunku.
Cudzysłów
III Twierdzenie Kopernika:

W prostokątnym trójkącie sferycznym ABC na sferze o promieniu R (gdzie kąt C jest prosty) zachodzą następujące proporcje pomiędzy długościami boków:

AB / BC = R / BC

Czyli że stosunek przeciwprostokątnej do jednej z przyprostokątnych jest równy stosunkowi promienia do drugiej przyprostokątnej. Znaczy to, że jeżeli znamy dwa boki, to możemy znaleźć trzeci.

[Kopernik, Mikołaj (1473-1543), “Mikołaja Kopernika Toruńczyka O obrotach ciał niebieskich ksiąg sześć”,  Kujawsko-Pomorska Biblioteka cyfrowa, UMK, 1854, Rozdział XIII, str.63-64]

Cudzysłów
Czyli Kopernik dowiódł szczególną wersję twierdzenia cosinusów dla trójkątów sferycznych.  Teraz możemy  założyć że promień sfery R =1.

Mierzymy w radianach długość boku (łuku) leżącego naprzeciwko danego kąta jako łuku na sferze (od środka sfery) i mamy:

AB = c         BC = a         AC = b
(tutaj a, b, c są miarami kątów AOB, BOC, AOC w radianach)

Jeżeli kąt C jest prosty, możemy zapisać twierdzenie Kopernika jako

cos c / cos b = cos a

[Kopernik, Mikołaj (1473-1543), “Mikołaja Kopernika Toruńczyka O obrotach ciał niebieskich ksiąg sześć”,  Kujawsko-Pomorska Biblioteka cyfrowa, UMK, 1854, Rozdział XIII, str.63-64]

Cudzysłów
Twierdzenia Pitagorasa dla trójkątów sferycznych

Znaczy to, że jeżeli znamy dwa boki, to możemy znaleźć trzeci.  To jest sferyczna wersja twierdzenia Pitagorasa, które możemy zapisać jako:

cos c = cos b   cos a

Cudzysłów
Mamy też ogólniejsze twierdzenie cosinusów dla trójkątów sferycznych na sferze o promieniu R =1, gdzie kąty α, β, γ są kątami sferycznymi trójkąta ABC.

XII Twierdzenie Kopernika:
cos c = cos a   cos b + sin a   sin b   cos γ

Znaczy to, że jeżeli znamy dwa boki i przynajmniej jeden kąt, to możemy znaleźć trzeci, co jest sferyczną wersją twierdzenia cosinusów dla wszystkich trójkątów płaskich.

 

[Kopernik, Mikołaj (1473-1543), “Mikołaja Kopernika Toruńczyka O obrotach ciał niebieskich ksiąg sześć”,  Kujawsko-Pomorska Biblioteka cyfrowa, UMK, 1854, Rozdział XIII, str.63-64]

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Cudzysłów
Copernican Cosine Theorems for Spherical Triangles

Chapter XIV

Theorems III and XII

Cudzysłów
We consider three points A, B, and C on a sphere of radius R. If we connect them by arcs (along great circles), we obtain a spherical triangle ABC.
We consider right-angled spherical triangles with sides shorter than a semicircle, as shown in the figure.
Cudzysłów
Copernicus’ Third Theorem:

In a right-angled spherical triangle ABC on a sphere of radius R (where angle Cis a right angle), the following proportion between the sides holds:

AB / BC = R / BC

That is, the ratio of the hypotenuse to one leg equals the ratio of the radius to the adjacent leg. This means that if we know two sides, we can determine the third.

[Citation: Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library, UMK, 1854, Chapter XIII, pp. 63–64]

Cudzysłów
In other words, Copernicus proved a special case of the spherical law of cosines.
Now, we may assume that the sphere has radius R =1.

We measure in radians the length of the side (arc) opposite to a given angle as an arc on the sphere (from the sphere’s center). We have:

AB = c         BC = a         AC = b
(here a, b, c are the measures of angles AOB, BOC, AOC in radians)

If angle C is right, we can write Copernicus’ theorem as

cos c / cos b = cos a

[Citation: Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library, UMK, 1854, Chapter XIII, pp. 63–64]

Cudzysłów
Theorem of Pythagoras for spherical triangles

That is, if we know two sides, we can find the third.This is the spherical version of the Pythagorean theorem, which can be written as:

cos c = cos b   cos a

Cudzysłów
We also have the general spherical law of cosines for triangles on a sphere of radius R=1, where α, β, γ are the spherical angles of triangle ABC.

Copernicus’ Twelfth Theorem:
cos c = cos a   cos b + sin a   sin b   cos γ

That is, if we know two sides and at least one angle, we can determine the third, which is the spherical version of the law of cosines for all plane triangles.
 

[Citation: Copernicus, Nicolaus (1473–1543), De revolutionibus orbium coelestium, Kujawsko-Pomorska Digital Library, UMK, 1854, Chapter XIII, p. 73]

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